Bibliography

The article speaks of the rocks exposed in the 2012 expansion of the Panama Canal, stating, "Using new geological-dating techniques, [Smithsonian geologists] conclude that the isthmus connecting North and South America arouse not 3.5 million years ago, the prevailing view, but as long ago as 15 million years. That revision has huge consequences, because the separation of the Atlantic from the Pacific would have had major climatic effects. It has been linked, for instance, to the onset of glaciation in North America. If the new date is correct, the causes of glaciation and other global upheavals will have to be rethought."